Fraud

In the broadest sense, a fraud is a deception made for personal gain. The specific legal definition varies by legal jurisdiction. Fraud is a crime, and is also a civil law violation. Many hoaxes are fraudulent, although those not made for personal gain are not technically frauds. Defrauding people of money is presumably the most common type of fraud, but there have also been many fraudulent “discoveries” in art, archaeology, and science.

Definition

In criminal law, fraud is the crime or offense of deliberately deceiving another in order to damage them – usually, to obtain property or services unjustly. [1] Fraud can be accomplished through the aid of forged objects. In the criminal law of common law jurisdictions it may be called “theft by deception,” “larceny by trick,” “larceny by fraud and deception” or something similar.

Marriage Fraud can take several forms and is the act of entering a marriage for personal gain rather than a genuine desire to enter into a sincere marital relationship. Marriage Fraud is usually associated with obtaining immigration benefits. In the United States, marriage fraud for immigration purposes is punishable under INA §204(c)(1) and the Immigration Marriage Fraud Amendments of 1986. Possible criminal penalties include $250,000 and 5 years in prison as well as deportation and a permanent bar against receiving future immigration status. Marriage Fraud can be either unilateral or bilateral Unity and Immigration Policy in the United States. In a unilateral marriage fraud, only one party is aware of the fraud and the fraud is against both the immigration service as well as the other party. The innocent party may file a lawsuit and/or annulment of the marriage. In a bilateral fraud, both parties are aware of it and both parties are subject to criminal penalties.

In academia and science, fraud can refer to academic fraud – the falsifying of research findings which is a form of scientific misconduct – and in common use intellectual fraud signifies falsification of a position taken or implied by an author or speaker, within a book, controversy or debate, or an idea deceptively presented to hide known logical weaknesses. Journalistic fraud implies a similar notion, the falsification of journalistic findings.

Fraud can be committed through many methods, including mail, wire, phone, and the internet (computer crime and internet fraud).

Acts which may constitute criminal fraud include:

• Marriage Fraud to obtain immigration benefits INA §204(c)(1),
• bait and switch
• confidence tricks such as the 419 fraud, Spanish Prisoner, and the shell game
• false advertising
• identity theft
• false billing
• psychic and occult charlatanism
• forgery of documents or signatures
• taking money which is under your control, but not yours (embezzlement)
• health fraud, selling of products of spurious use, such as quack medicines
• creation of false companies or “long firms”
• false insurance claims
• bankruptcy fraud, is a US federal crime that can lead to criminal prosecution under the charge of theft of the goods or services
• investment frauds, such as Ponzi schemes
• securities frauds such as pump and dump

Fraud, in addition to being a criminal act, is also a type of civil law violation known as a tort. A tort is a civil wrong for which the law provides a remedy. A civil fraud typically involves the act of intentionally making a false representation of a material fact, with the intent to deceive, which is reasonably relied upon by another person to that person’s detriment. A “false representation” can take many forms, such as:

1. A false statement of fact, known to be false at the time it was made
2. A statement of fact with no reasonable basis to make that statement
3. A promise of future performance made with an intent, at the time the promise was made, not to perform as promised
4. A statement of opinion based on a false statement of fact
5. A statement of opinion that the maker knows to be false
6. An expression of opinion that is false, made by one claiming or implying to have special knowledge of the subject matter of the opinion. “Special knowledge” in this case means knowledge or information superior to that possessed by the other party, and to which the other party did not have equal access.

Reference

Fred Cohen

Frauds, Spies, and Lies – and How to Defeat Them. ISBN 1-878109-36-7 (2006). ASP Press.

Podgor

Ellen S. Criminal Fraud, (1999) Vol, 48, No. 4 American Law Review 1Review Fraud – Alex Copola

The Nature

Extent and Economic Impact of Fraud in the UK. “Feb,2007″, http://www.acpo.police.uk/asp/policies/Data/Fraud%20in%20the%20UK.pdf

ehem.
buat mase ni, blog aku ditukarkan ke http://mohdashraf.net

if ade pape, cube check kat sane okey?

Senai, JOHOR – Tindakan seorang pengusaha dan pengkebas duit untuk mencari duit secara halal akhirnya mendatangkan manfaat apabila menemui sebuah laman web yang dipercayai memberi wang secara percuma. Walaupun tidak dapat dibuktikan lagi ianya sebagai sahih atau “scammer”, namun akibat perasaan ingin tahu yang membuak-buak, dengan bangga dan riaknya pengusaha dan pengkebas duit tersebut mengiklankan urlnya seperti yang tersebut:

http://www.niagasentral.com/easyRM/?id=achap

ehem ehem.
nampaknye cuti datang kembali.
dan dgn rajinnya aku menulis kembali di blog.
walaupon kerap kali aku jarang mnaep di blog, tapi pade hari bersejarah ni aku kembali mnaep di blog.
ah. ape aku mrepek.
nanti mesti si hamu ngan ummi gelakkan aku.
hehe.

aha.
lupe. lak.
back to the story.
baru 3 hari balek dari tg malim, jadual aktiviti aku tak banyak berubah. tetap sama.
makan tidur makan tidur makan tidur.
itu jek la.
yang berubah cuma berat badan aku je.
naek turun naek turun.
tapi tak gemok2 gak..
ha. dah start mrepek lagi skali lak.

okeh okeh. tu tak penting.
ape yg penting, 24 Mei 2008 ni, aku akan berangkat ke Makkah utk menunaikan Umrah.
slame 2 minggu kat sane.
kursus dia lak aku kne gi bsok (sabtu, 10hb mei 2008) bertempat di kotaraya.
doakan aku slamat pergi dan slamat balek ke tanahair.
amin!

eh, bnyk sangat plak aku mnaep.
ape2hal, nanti aku update lagik skali.
tata!
wsalam.

eh. lame nampaknye aku tak menulih dlm blog ni kan? almaklom la. bz manjang.
takpe. skrg ni udah online.
jadi, pade hari yg bersejarah ni, aku nak upload satu gambar yg shantek!
sile sile la tgk yek.
later kalau aku free, aku tuleh lagi..
skrg ni bz mo exam.
tata ~

jeng jeng jeng!

Suka bergurau.
Sopan santun dan perhatian terhadap orang lain.
Berani dan tidak mengenal kata takut.
Orangnya agak tegas & bersikap kepemimpinan.
Pandai memujuk orang lain.
Terlalu pemurah, bersikap ego.
Nilai harga diri yang sangat tinggi.
Haus akan pujian.
Semangat juang yang luar biasa.
Cepat marah,mudah mengamuk.
Mudah marah apabila perkataannya dilawan.
Sangat cemburu.
Cepat berfikir.
Fikiran yang berdikari.
Suka memimpin & dipimpin.
Sifat suka berangan.
Berbakat dalam seni lukis,hiburan & silat.
Cepat ditimpa penyakit.
Belajar utk rileks.
Sikap kelam kabut.
Romantik ,pengasih,penyayang.
Suka mencari kawan.

seharian dudok termenung.
ape yg aku pnah buat? ape yg pnah aku lakukan?
ape yg pnah aku tempuh? ape yg akan aku tempuh?
syukurkah aku dgn apa yg ada?
atau aku tergolong dlm golongan manusia yg tamak dan haloba?
kesalkah aku dgn apa yang aku lalui?
atau sabarkah aku menghadapinya?

kekadang terfikir berhenti dari semuanya.
berhenti dari memikir
berhenti dari melibatkan diri
berhenti dari apa saja yang menyerabutkan kepale
berhenti.. berhenti..maaf pada yg mengenali ashraf.
maaf pada yg pernah mengenali ashraf.
maaf pada yg sakit hati pada ashraf.
maaf pada yg benci ashraf.
maaf pada yg menyampah dgn ashraf.
maafkan la ashraf.

- weng -

mcm dah lame je kan aku tak update blog? hehe. almaklom la. cuti semester yg lepas pon dah abes. kne la kembali ke alam semester baru. tu yg mcm malas sket nak update blog. haha. padahal mase cuti tu beria nak buat blog.

lagi satu, rumah sewa ni takde streamyx. dats y la payah sket nak online utk update blog. hehe. ha. cerite pasal cuti, bebaru ni aku baru je balek dari Baktisiswa IT di Desa 2. fuhhh.. siap masok suratkhabar lagek. bangge tak bangge la kan. cume, dari segi luaran nampak program tu berjalan lancar, tapi dalaman, ajk2 jek yg tau. haha.  so far, Baktisiswa ni boleh tahan gak la bestnye. dapat lagi sorang keluarga angkat baru. ape yg menarik, ade gak peserta2 yg bukan bawah FTMK join. tatau la pasal ape kan. ade gak di kalangan MPP dan SMU yg join. tp paham2 la kalau dah masok secare “klik” ni, diorang akan stay as “klik”.  mcm2 aktiviti di buat mase Baktisiswa ni. antare yg aku ingat ialah maen tarik tali ngan derma darah. dua-dua aktiviti ni ade kenangan pd aku. nak tau ape dia? tunggu nukilan akan datang. aku dah letih. lenkali la mnaep lagek. hehe. chaaaaaaaalow~ salam.

Fuh. lame bebeno tak sentoh blog neh. hehe. almaklom la, bz jadi hekes. sampai Yahoo pnye id pon kne deactivated. hehe. aiseh. sedar x sedar, da dekat nak abeh cuti rupenye. rabu ni je aku da gerak balek Perak. tp seblom tu lepak2 kat penang dulu sehari, pastu baru balek ke perak. ksian kat pc aku je ni ha. tepakse dok dlm kete slame 3 hari. takot dia buang tebiat je bile dah pasang balek kat umah sewa.

Ha. lupe plak. smalam tgk cite Alvin n the Chipmunks. fuh, lawak wo. x caye korang pegi la tgk. hehe. lepas tu sempat la jenjalan besame tuan teddy. jumpe plak si pendi bersame kekasih hati dia. abes je smer, balek loh. turun kat skudai. takley nak ikot tuan teddy balek. =p

Cite pasal nak balek lak, brang2 tak siap kemas lagek. baju aku bersepah2. haha. sok nak kne anta mak lak, check kete sbb nak jalan jaoh. tayar dia mcm da takde bunge. adik plak nak uruskan pasal buku maybank dia. dia tamo pakai buku, nak tuka pakai kad je. nak senang kluakan duet la tu. so, bsok merupekah satu hari yg bz. ape2 pon, tak saba rasenye nak balek UPSI. da sem 5 tu. seda x seda jek =)

Aiseh. dah maghrib. later la aku mnaep pjg2 lagek. haha. see ya all around. salam.